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How is vascular injury diagnosed?

- By performing the medical examination combined with the presence of risk factors and Doppler ultrasound confirmation.

- The appearance of symptoms is characteristic of this disease.

What tests can I order?

Ultrasound can see the narrowing of the artery. If you add the Doppler system can also measure the amount of blood flowing through it. It is not useful for the coronary arteries.

In cases evolved can be injected dye through an arterial catheter and see the caliber of the vessels in the region, along with an x-ray (angiography), by scanning (angioescanner) or MRI (magnetic resonance angiography). Read the rest of this entry »

What are the symptoms of atherosclerosis in the legs?

At first the patient complains of cramping, numbness and pain, usually in the calves. It is typical to notice when walking a set distance or “perimeter up” and disappears when standing: vascular intermittent claudication. These symptoms are due to protest of the muscle does not get enough oxygen due to narrowing of the artery.

As the disease progresses, the skin and fat are also affected, appearing ulcers on the heel, ankle and the outside toes, in addition to notice the pain even at rest. The final state is the gangrene, requiring amputation. Read the rest of this entry »

What is lower limb arterial disease?

Vascular disorders can affect any artery in the body. Very often appear in the lower limb arteries and are the result of atherosclerosis in the legs and feet.

Born heart the pulmonary artery, which targets the lung and aorta, which is the main artery of the body, which will gradually branching out to carry oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to the body. At its tip iliac bifurcates into branches called that target the pelvis, genitals and lower extremities, forming the femoral artery in the thigh, knee and popliteal several branches to the leg and foot.

The deposition of cholesterol and calcium in the artery wall becomes rigid and less caliber (inner diameter) to pass the blood.

Narrows over time as blood flow that can happen is not enough to irrigate the muscle, which complain with fatigue and pain. In advanced cases pain even at rest and may develop gangrene. Read the rest of this entry »

How is it diagnosed?

Blood tests: determination of copper and its transporter protein called ceruloplasmin.

Urinalysis: determination of urinary excretion of copper, at baseline and after administration of a chelating agent such as penicillamine.

Liver biopsy to determine hepatic copper content.

Brain imaging studies (MRI or scanner) if there is neurological involvement.

Ophthalmological slit lamp to detect the presence of copper in an area of ​​the cornea (Descemet’s membrane), which manifests as a browning known as the Kayser Fleischer.

Genetic studies to identify DNA mutations underlying Wilson’s disease. Read the rest of this entry »

What are the symptoms?

The organ that is most frequently affected is the liver, followed by the brain.

Liver Symptoms

- Hepatitis, or inflammation of the liver

- Cirrhosis or “healing” of the liver

- Tiredness and loss of appetite

- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes)

- Abdominal pain

- Swelling of the ankles (edema) and abdomen (ascites)

- Enlarged liver and spleen

- Gastrointestinal bleeding (esophageal varices) or coma in severe cases.

These manifestations are nonspecific and can occur in any severe liver disease. Read the rest of this entry »

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What is Wilson’s disease?

Wilson’s disease is caused by excessive accumulation of copper in the body. We need that food containing a small amount of copper to keep the body functioning cells, but too much can be toxic and damage organs.

What is the cause of Wilson’s disease?

The control of copper in the body is borne primarily the liver, which removes the excess copper mainly through the bile. Wilson’s disease, this system works well and copper accumulates in the body. The most important changes occur in the liver but also other organs may be injured, especially the brain. Read the rest of this entry »

What are the symptoms? Are they the same in all allergies?
There may be intense local reactions (swelling and redness in the area of ​​the bite), or a systemic reactions range from acute urticaria to severe anaphylaxis with impaired cardiovascular and respiratory level, threatening the integrity of the patient.

Do they differ by age? Are they more dangerous for children?
If, while in children, systemic reactions can occur dangerous, the process is self-limiting, meaning that for example, reactions confined to skin level, which are more common in future stings tend to repeat themselves, without increasing in severity.

If the sting is repeated Can worsen symptoms?
In 60-70% of cases if, depending always on the seriousness of the bite overlaid above.

When is it advisable to go to a specialist?
Whenever it is likely that there may be allergic to the venom of wasps or bees, having experienced severe local reactions or systemic reactions. Read the rest of this entry »

Diagnosis and Evaluation

The diagnosis of fatty liver is based on the findings of liver biopsy. This shows fat accumulation in hepatocytes, and there may also be varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis.

Although liver biopsy is the only test that ensures the diagnosis and a review of low risk, not all people with suspected diagnosis of fatty liver are subjected to this procedure. It is customary to make a presumptive diagnosis of fatty liver disease in someone with suggestive images (ultrasound, CT or MRI). Liver biopsy is, however, the only test that differentiates between “simple steatosis (fat accumulation) and” steatohepatitis “(fat associated with inflammation and fibrosis). Read the rest of this entry »

Obesity and poor eating habits cause most cases of fatty liver.

The term refers to fatty liver a liver disease characterized by accumulation of fatty acids and triglycerides in liver cells (hepatocytes). Alcohol is a major cause of fatty liver, and is a factor that should always be considered in a patient with fatty liver.

In this article we will refer to fatty liver associated with consumption of alcohol. Fat accumulation in hepatocytes can lead to liver inflammation, with the possibility of developing fibrosis and ultimately end up in chronic liver damage (or cirrhosis).

Nomenclature

Fatty liver is known in several ways:

Fatty Liver: A general term. When it is not because alcohol is known as nonalcoholic fatty liver. In English it is called non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Fatty liver: Accumulation of fat in the liver, fatty liver synonymous. Read the rest of this entry »

Heartburn
They say there is an increased acidity when clorihídrico acid free or combined in the gastric juices and produce a reflux into the esophagus provoking and causing heartburn. This occurs because the opening that separates the esophagus from the stomach is open after eating food.

Cloríhidrico acid has a digestive function. Its secretion by the gastric mucosa decreases and increases in hypochlorhydria in hyperacidity. In this acid is the acidity of gastric juice. Read the rest of this entry »